Second, the geographical environment of the Chifeng area

The geographical environment of the Chifeng area is very complex and equally diverse. The northwest is the southern foot of Daxing'anling, which belongs to the mountainous area. The Xilamulun River and the Urjimulun River originate here. The river flows from the west to the east through the valley, and along the way through the hills, grasslands and sand, you can also see Its terrain is a trend that gradually decreases from northwest to southeast. Moreover, the Horqin Sandy Land passing through the two rivers has the characteristics of deep sand cover, and the flat land between the sand dunes is broad, forming a unique terrain between the sand and the grassland.

The upper reaches of the Laoha River and the Jiaolai River are mostly loess hilly areas, and the soil erosion is very serious. The area has been affected by the southeast monsoon for a long time, and the precipitation is large, so it creates a relatively humid and mild environment.

The soil environment on both sides of the river is also complex, with the landforms of mountains, sand, hills, grasslands and terraces, which also lead to differences in the erosion of groundwater and temperature on jade. Only from the soil analysis, there are many kinds of fluvo-aquic, chestnut soil, chernoze, cinnamon and aeolian soil, and the corrosion effect of these soils on Hongshan jade is also different. The fluvo-aquic is formed by the erosion of groundwater by the sediments of the river; the chestnut soil and the chernozem are formed in the grassland; the aeolian soil is mainly found in the Horqin Sandy Land. These soils are different from the natural rainwater and groundwater erosion, and the degree of acid and alkali contained is also very different, so it has an extremely important influence on the formation of jade. That is to say, what kind of jade artifacts may be formed in what kind of soil environment, and thus there is a situation in which the red mountains and ancient jade are different in color.

红山玉器沁色形成的原因,沁色特点

3. The climate of the Chifeng area

The climate in Chifeng is also very complex, in a transition from a semi-humid climate to a semi-arid climate. There are many mountains, few plains, dry and windy sands in spring and winter, and there has been a complete desertification in the sandy land without vegetation protection, forming a flowing sand dune, thus forming an extremely dry climate. The various landforms of mountains, plains, hills, wasteland and sandy land appear here, causing its humidity to gradually decrease from southeast to northwest, resulting in huge differences in water and temperature conditions, resulting in complex climate and soil and vegetation types. .

Due to this climatic characteristics, it is also the main reason for the preservation of Hongshan jade. "Jade into the soil, sexually happy, do not like wet. Soil wet is easy to rotten, color is easy to dull. The jade unearthed in the south, rare, are rotten, more incomplete, and the color is not surprising. [2] It seems that a hundred years ago, due to the limited number of ancient jade excavations, now with the discovery of Liangzhu culture and Jinsha site, the number of jade unearthed is very impressive, so Liu Datong’s statement seems to be somewhat It is narrow, but it is analyzed from the fact that Hongshan ancient jade has been preserved for thousands of years. This should be directly related to the local dry climate and the preservation of the tombs and altars of Hongshan at the top of the mountain and slab tombs. of.

Analysis of the formation of red color in Hongshan jade

(a) with time and jade influence

The red mountain jade is subject to more than a thousand years of formation. Depending on the length of time and the quality of the jade, the degree of suffering will vary. For example, many jade articles in the Xinglong and Zhaobaogou periods are chickens. One of the reasons for the bone white state is that it is buried in the ground for too long. Generally speaking, the jade articles of 8,000 years ago are definitely different from the jade articles of 3,000 years. The longer the jade articles are buried, the heavier the twilight will be. Because the climate in Chifeng is relatively dry, the temperature difference between winter and summer is more obvious. After the jade is in the soil, the natural conditions of freezing, drought, high temperature and rain soaking alternately react, and the soil in the Chifeng area is mostly alkaline, and the condition of the bedding is obviously the same.

(2) The influence of soil

The color of the Hongshan jade is directly in contact with the ground soil. However, due to the difference in minerals contained in the soil after the soil is infiltrated, the jade muscles are invaded from the outside and the jade. It will leave some natural traces on the jade and jade tables. The south is rainy and wet, and it is soaked in water for a long time. The jade is easily damaged by cockroaches; the Chifeng area is less rainy and dry, so it will be lighter. But in any case, it is testable. That is to say, there is also a problem of entering the specific environment of the land, which depends on the specific situation. Most of the jade articles of the Hongshan culture come from the top of the mountain and accept the influence of the alpine environment. Therefore, the jade wares of the Hongshan culture at any time are largely affected by the geological and surrounding climate.

(3) Influence with corrosives

In the underground environment with less air and less corrosive materials, Hongshan jade will be slower at the rate of erosion. The Hongshan jade is characterized by slate tombs, which is the main reason why it can be preserved to this day. In a hot and humid environment, the rate of erosion is much faster; if it is in a strong acid, alkali or beach salt environment, the rate of corrosion and corrosion is faster. The small environment in which Hongshan ancient jade is located is mainly ritual pits and tombs. Generally speaking, the red jade wares are mostly tombs, and the jade wares of the ritual pits are cracked, with traces of dryness and rust, and they are shaped like lime. Due to the characteristics of the fire festival, most of the red jade articles have been chickens. White; the jade from the tomb is very beautiful and clean.

(iv) Impacts with the environment and climate

The red color of the real red jade is immersed in the interior of the jade, and it is integrated with the jade. The false twilight is mostly floating on the surface of the jade, and the jade watch does not have various shade changes. The twilight on these ancient jade looks like mystery, but it is not difficult to forensify. It is a crucial step to see more and more true red mountain jade. Moreover, in the twilight of the Hongshan culture jade articles, according to the geological environment and climatic conditions of the Chifeng area, their conditions under different geographical conditions are also inconsistent, but basically they will not leave. In the same environment, the commonality of the twilight is formed. As long as the knowledge and regularity are mastered, there will be more protection when specifically identifying the red color of the ancient mountain.

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